Libelle of note

Clear differences between the two brachiocephalic veins concern the inferior thyroid vein, the thymic veins and the left superior intercostal vein with tributaries.

Usually, there is only one inferior thyroid vein.

The Vena intercostalis suprema drains blood from the first intercostal space to the brachiocephalic vein on both sides.

The retromandibular vein has anterior and posterior divisions. The anterior division joins the facial vein to form the common facial vein, whereas the posterior division joins the posterior auricula vein to form the external jugular vein.

See note # 4590

See note # 4590

The pattern of tributaries to the azygos vein is highly variable (Luzsa G 1972 Röntgenanatomie des Gefäßsystems. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest; Rickenbacher et al. 1982 von Lanz/Wa\chsmuth Rücken. Springer, Berlin).

Usually, the Vena hemiazygos receives the left 9th-11th posterior intercostal veins. In TA2, they are grouped together as Venae intercostales posteriores sinistrae inferiores.

Highly variable, may even drain to the left brachiocephalic vein; usually, it receives the left 4th -8th posterior intercostal veins. In TA2, its tributaries are grouped together as Venae intercostales posteriores sinistrae mediae.

Further subdivision of renal vessels has been included.

The anterior division of the retromandibular vein joins the facial vein to form what commonly is termed the common facial vein.

Terminology by Myers RP, Chevill JC, Pawlina W (2010 Clin Anat 23:18-29) is followed.

The supreme intercostal vein drains to the left brachiocephalic vein, the second and third right posterior intercostal veins to the right superior intercostal vein.

The Cubital perforating vein is the thickest perforating vein of the upper limb, located in the fossa cubitalis and connecting the vena mediana cubiti and the venae radiales (Gracz et al. 1977 Kidney Int 11:71-75; Kachlik et al. 2017 Surg Radiol Anat 39:405-417).