Changes Due to Regular Anatomical Terminology Rules
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Informatics Working Group of FIPAT
Robert Baud (Switzerland), Pierre Sprumont (Switzerland), Paul E. Neumann (Canada)
Several terms in Terminologia anatomica (Thieme,
1998) do not meet the recommendations for a Regular anatomical
terminology (RAT). RAT was proposed to make interpretation of the
Latin terms less ambiguous for all users of human anatomical
nomenclature, including students and translators, and to advance the
goal of making the terminology machine-readable. The RAT rules include:
1. Only nouns and adjectives are allowed,
2. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify,
3. Words in genitive case follow words in nominative case,
4. Punctuation is not allowed within terms.
In the online version
of TA98, rules 1 and 4 were almost fully applied, and rules 2 and 3
were applied when the Latin syntax analyzer software (written by RB)
was unable to parse terms because of ambiguity. A listing of
changes due to this partial application of RAT rules follows. The
most common problems that led to changes included use of conjunctions
and prepositions, and ambiguity caused by similarity of nominative
singular and genitive singular forms of third declension adjectives.
| TA code and terms | Problem | Remedy |
|---|---|---|
| A01.1.00.050 Cavitas abdominis et pelvis Abdominopelvic cavity |
Use of conjunction (et). | Cavitas abdominopelvica |
| A01.2.00.000 Plana, lineae et regiones Planes, lines and regions |
Use of conjunction (et). | Res referentes Reference entities |
A01.2.03.001 |
Use of conjunction (et). | Regiones thoracicae anterolaterales |
| A02.0.00.044 Primarium Primary |
Absence of noun. | Centrum primarium ossificationis Primary ossification centre |
| A02.0.00.045 Secundarium Secondary |
Absence of noun. | Centrum secundarium ossificationis Secondary ossification centre |
| A02.1.03.009 Incisura supraorbitalis/foramen supraorbitale Supra-orbital notch/foramen |
Use of punctuation (/); Terms are not synonyms; Foramen more common than notch. | Foramen supraorbitale; Incisura supraorbitalis Supra-orbital foramen; Supra-orbital notch |
| A02.1.03.010 Incisura frontalis/foramen frontale Frontal notch/foramen |
Use of punctuation (/); Terms are not synonyms; Notch more common than foramen. | Incisura frontalis; Foramen frontale Frontal notch; Frontal foramen |
| A02.5.10.017 Sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi [tali] Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not hallucis). | Sulcus tendinis musculi longi flexoris hallucis [tali] |
| A02.5.11.007 Sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi [calcanei] Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not hallucis) | Sulcus tendinis musculi longi flexoris hallucis [calcanei] |
| A03.3.04.003 Lig. capitis costae radiatum Radiate ligament of head of rib |
Word order: ambiguity (radiatum modifies ligamentum, not costae) | Lig. radiatum capitis costae |
| A03.3.04.004 Lig. capitis costae intraarticulare Intra-articular ligament of head of rib |
Word order: ambiguity (intraarticulare modifies ligamentum, not costae) | Lig. intraarticulare capitis costae |
| A03.6.09.002 Lig. capitis fibulae anterius Anterior ligament of fibular head |
Word order: ambiguity (anterius modifies ligamentum, not fibulae) | Lig. anterius capitis fibulae |
| A03.6.09.003 Lig. capitis fibulae posterius Posterior ligament of fibular head |
Word order: ambiguity (posterius modifies ligamentum, not fibulae) | Lig. posterius capitis fibulae |
A04.0.00.032 |
Use of conjunction (et) | (1) Fascia craniocervicalis (2) Creation of new entity. A04.1.04.016 Fasciae capitis Fascia of head |
| A04.1.03.032 M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
Use of conjunction (-que). | Musculus levator nasolabialis |
| A04.1.06.001 Musculi palati mollis et faucium Muscles of soft palate and fauces |
Use of conjunction (et) | Musculi palati mollis |
| A04.2.02.003 M. rectus capitis lateralis Rectus capitis lateralis |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis modifies musculus, not capitis) | M. rectus lateralis capitis |
| A04.5.02.006 Fascia abdominis parietalis Parietal abdominal fascia |
Word order: ambiguity (parietalis modifies fascia, not abdominis) | Fascia parietalis abdominis |
| A04.5.04.019 Insertio partis superficialis musculi sphincteris ani externi Attachment of superficial external anal sphincter |
Word order: ambiguity (externi modifies musculi, not ani). | Insertio partis superficialis musculi externi sphincteris ani |
| A04.6.02.028 M. flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi radialis |
Word order: ambiguity (radialis modifies musculus, not carpi). | M. flexor radialis carpi |
| A04.6.02.040 M. extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus |
Word order: ambiguity (radialis and longus modify musculus, not carpi). | Musculus radialis longus extensor carpi |
| A04.6.02.041 M. extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (radialis and brevis modify musculus, not carpi). | Musculus radialis brevis extensor carpi |
| A04.6.02.050 M. extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculus, not pollicis). | Musculus brevis extensor pollicis |
| A04.6.02.054 M. abductor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculus, not pollicis). | Musculus brevis abductor pollicis |
| A04.6.02.055 M. flexor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculus, not pollicis). | Musculus brevis flexor pollicis |
| A04.6.02.063 M. flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculus, not digiti). | Musculus brevis flexor digiti minimi |
| A04.7.01.009 Compartimentum cruris laterale; Compartimentum cruris fibularium; Compartimentum cruris peroneorum Lateral compartment of leg; Fibular compartment of leg; Peroneal compartment of leg |
Latin synonyms are complex, potentially misleading, expressions. | Compartimentum cruris laterale; Compartimentum fibulare cruris; Compartimentum peroneum cruris |
| A04.7.02.054 M. extensor hallucis brevis Extensor hallucis brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculus, not hallucis) | M. brevis extensor hallucis |
| A04.7.02.057 M. flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis brevi |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculus, not hallucis). | Musculus brevis flexor hallucis |
| A04.7.02.066 M. flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculus, not digiti). | Musculus brevis flexor digiti minimi |
| A04.7.03.025 Retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius Superior extensor retinaculum |
Word order: ambiguity (superius modifies retinaculum, not extensorum). | Retinaculum superius musculorum extensorum |
| A04.7.03.027 Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius Inferior extensor retinaculum |
Word order: ambiguity (inferius modifies retinaculum, not extensorum). | Retinaculum inferius musculorum extensorum |
| A04.8.04.005 Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi Tendinous sheath of flexor pollicis longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not pollicis). | Vagina tendinis musculi longi flexoris pollicis |
| A04.8.04.006 Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis Tendinous sheath of flexor carpi radialis |
Word order: ambiguity (radialis modifies musculi, not carpi). | Vagina tendinis musculi radialis flexoris carpi |
| A04.8.04.009 Vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis Tendinous sheath of abductor longus and extensor pollicis brevis |
Use of conjunction (et). | Vagina communis tendinum musculorum abductoextensorum pollicis Tendinous sheath of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis |
| A04.8.04.010 Vagina tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium Tendinous sheath of extensores carpi radiales |
Word order: ambiguity (radialium modifies musculorum, not carpi). | Vagina tendinum musculorum radialium extensorum carpi |
| A04.8.04.011 Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi Tendinous sheath of extensor pollicis longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not pollicis). | Vagina tendinis musculi longi extensoris pollicis |
| A04.8.04.012 Vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis |
Use of conjunction (et). | Vagina communis tendinum musculorum extensorum |
| A04.8.04.013 Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digiti minimi brevis Tendinous sheath of extensor digiti minimi brevis |
Word order: ambiguity (brevis modifies musculi, not digiti). | Vagina tendinis musculi brevis extensoris digiti minimi |
| A04.8.04.014 Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris Tendinous sheath of extensor carpi ulnaris |
Word order: ambiguity (ulnaris modifies musculi, not carpi). | Vagina tendinis musculi ulnaris extensoris carpi |
| A04.8.05.013 Bursa musculi bicipitis femoris superior Superior bursa of biceps femoris |
Word order: genitive complement before adjective in nominative case. | Bursa superior musculi bicipitis femoris |
| A04.8.05.023 Bursa subtendinea musculi bicipitis femoris inferior Inferior subtendinous bursa of biceps femoris |
Word order: genitive complement before adjective in nominative case. | Bursa subtendinea inferior musculi bicipitis femoris |
| A04.8.06.004 Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi Tendinous sheath of extensor hallucis longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not hallucis). | Vagina tendinis musculi longi extensoris hallucis |
| A04.8.06.005 Vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not digitorum). | Vagina tendinum musculi longi extensoris digitorum |
| A04.8.06.007 Vagina tendinum musculi flexoris digitorum longi Tendinous sheath of flexor digitorum longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not digitorum). | Vagina tendinum musculi longi flexoris digitorum |
| A04.8.06.009 Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi Tendinous sheath of flexor hallucis longus |
Word order: ambiguity (longi modifies musculi, not hallucis). | Vagina tendinis musculi longi flexoris hallucis |
| A05.6.01.005 Stratum longitudinale; Stratum helicoidale longi gradus Longitudinal layer; Long pitch helicoidal layer |
Word order in Latin synonym: adjective (longi) precedes the noun (gradus) it modifies. | Stratum helicoidale gradus longi |
| A05.6.01.006 Stratum circulare; Stratum helicoidale brevis gradus Circular layer; Short pitch helicoidal layer |
Word order in Latin synonym: adjective (brevis) precedes the noun (gradus) it modifies. | Stratum helicoidale gradus brevis |
| A05.8.01.033 Segmentatio hepatis: lobi, partes, divisiones et segmenta Hepatic segmentation: lobes, parts, divisions and segments |
This is list, not a single term; Use of punctation (colon and comma); Use of conjunction (et). | Segmentatio hepatis Hepatic segmentation |
| A06.1.02.002 Nares Nares, Nostrils |
This is a right and left pair. By convention, should be singular. | Naris Naris, Nostril |
| A06.1.02.003 Choanae Choanae, Posterior nasal apertures |
This is a right and left pair. By convention, should be singular. | Choana Choana, Posterior nasal aperture |
| A06.1.02.031 Meatus nasi communis Common nasal meatus |
Word order: ambiguity (communis modifies meatus, not nasi). | Meatus communis nasi |
| A06.2.02.004 Lamina dextra/sinistra Right/left lamina |
Use of punctuation (/). | Lamina Lamina |
| A06.5.02.002 Pulmo dexter, lobus superior Right lung, superior lobe |
Use of punctuation (,). Inversion of the terms gives the wrong head word. | Lobus superior pulmonis dextri Superior lobe of right lung |
| A06.5.02.006 Pulmo dexter, lobus medius Right lung, middle lobe |
Use of punctuation (,). Inversion of the terms gives the wrong head word. | Lobus medius pulmonis dextri Middle lobe of right lung |
| A06.5.02.009 Pulmo dexter, lobus inferior Right lung, inferior lobe |
Use of punctuation (,). Inversion of the terms gives the wrong head word. | Lobus inferior pulmonis dextri Inferior lobe of right lung |
| A06.5.02.015 Pulmo sinister, lobus superior Left lung, superior lobe |
Use of punctuation (,). Inversion of the terms gives the wrong head word. | Lobus superior pulmonis sinistri Superior lobe of left lung |
| A06.5.02.020 Pulmo sinister, lobus inferior Left lung, inferior lobe |
Use of punctuation (,). Inversion of the terms gives the wrong head word. | Lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri Inferior lobe of left lung |
| A08.3.01.012 M. trigoni vesicae superficialis Superficial trigone |
Word order: ambiguity (superficialis modifies musculus, not vesicae). | M. superficialis trigoni vesicae |
| A08.3.01.013 M. trigoni vesicae profundus Deep trigone |
Word order: ambiguity (profundus modifies musculus, not vesicae). | M. profundus trigoni vesicae |
| A09.3.08.010 Lobi prostatae dexter et sinister Right and left lobes of prostate |
Use of conjunction (et). | Lobi prostatae Lobes of prostate |
| A09.5.02.003 M. transversus perinei superficialis Superficial transverse perineal muscle |
Word order: ambiguity (superficialis modifies musculus, not perinei). | M. superficialis transversus perinei |
| A10.1.00.000 Cavitas abdominis et pelvis Abdominopelvic cavity |
Use of conjunction (et). | Cavitas abdominopelvica |
| A10.1.02.401 Recessus, fossae et plicae Recesses, fossae and folds |
This is a list, not a single term; Use of conjunction (et). | Peritoneum abdominale Abdominal peritoneum |
| A12.1.00.005 Facies pulmonalis dextra/sinistra Right/left pulmonary surface |
Use of punctuation (/). | (1) Facies pulmonalis dextra Right pulmonary surface (2) New entity (A12.1.00.031) Facies pulmonalis sinistra Left pulmonary surface |
A12.1.00.012 |
Use of punctuation (/). | Ventriculus cordis Ventricle |
| A12.1.00.017 Atrium cordis dexter/sinister Right/left atrium |
Use of punctuation (/). | Atrium cordis Atrium |
| A12.1.00.027 Anulus fibrosus dexter/sinister Right/left fibrous ring |
Use of punctuation (/). | (1) Anulus fibrosus dexter Right fibrous ring (2) New entity (A12.1.00.032) Anulus fibrosus sinister Left fibrous ring |
| A12.2.01.202 Lig. arteriosum (Ductus arteriosus) Ligamentum arteriosum (Ductus arteriosus) |
Lig. arteriosum (Ductus arteriosus) Ligamentum arteriosum (Ductus arteriosus). |
Creation of a new entity A12.2.01.221 (Ductus arteriosus) |
| A12.2.05.068 R. anastomoticus cum a. lacrimali Anastomotic branch with lacrimal artery |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus anastomoticus lacrimalis |
A12.2.06.026 (in chapetr A15) |
Use of punctuation (comma); Inversion of the terms gives the wrong head word. | The order of words was changed: Pars intraocularis a. centralis retinae Intraocular part of central retinal artery |
| A12.2.06.028 R. anastomoticus cum a. meningea media Anastomotic branch with middle meningeal artery |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus anastomoticus mediomeningeus |
| A12.2.07.008 Rr. genus capsulae internae Branches to internal capsule, genu |
Use of punctuation (comma) in English equivalent term. | Branches to genu of internal capsule. |
| A12.2.07.009 Rr. cruris posterior capsulae internae Branches to internal capsule, posterior limb |
Use of punctuation (comma) in English equivalent term. | Branches to posterior limb of internal capsule |
| A12.2.07.010 Rr. partis retrolentiformis capsulae internae Branches to internal capsule, retrolentiform limb |
Use of punctuation (comma) in English equivalent term. | Branches to retrolentiform limb of internal capsule |
| A12.2.07.099 R. corporis callosi dorsalis Dorsal branch to corpus callosum |
Word order: ambiguity (dorsalis modifies ramus, not corporis). | R. dorsalis corporis callosi |
| A12.2.16.021 A. circumflexa femoris medialis Medial circumflex femoral artery |
Word order: ambiguity (medialis modifies arteria, not femoris). | A. circumflexa medialis femoris |
| A12.2.16.027 A. circumflexa femoris lateralis Lateral circumflex femoral artery |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis modifies arteria, not femoris). | A. circumflexa lateralis femori |
| A12.3.01.006 V(v.) ventriculi sinistri posterior(es) Posterior vein(s) of left ventricle |
Use of punctuation (parentheses); Word order: adjective in nominative case after genitive complement. | Vv. posteriores ventriculi sinistri Posterior veins of left ventricle |
| A12.3.01.012 V(v). ventriculi dextri anterior(es); Vv. cardiacae anteriores; Vv. cordis anteriores Anterior vein(s) of right ventricle; Anterior cardiac veins |
Use of punctuation (parentheses); Word order: adjective in nominative case after genitive complement. | Vv. anteriores ventriculi dextri Anterior veins of right ventricle |
| A12.3.02.110 Pars intralobaris (intersegmentalis) Intralobar part |
Use of punctuation (parentheses). | Pars intralobaris; Pars intersegmentalis |
| A12.3.06.045 V. pontis anterolateralis Anterolateral pontine vein |
Word order: ambiguity (anterolateralis modifies vena, not pontis). | V. anterolateralis pontis |
| A12.3.06.047 V. pontis lateralis Lateral pontine vein |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis modifies vena, not pontis). | V. lateralis pontis |
A12.3.06.113 (in Chapter A15) |
Use of punctuation (comma); Inversion of the terms gives the wrong head word. | Pars intraocularis v. centralis retinae Intraocular part of central retinal vein |
| A12.3.10.026 V. pubica; R. pubicus (V. obturatoria accessoria) Pubic vein; Pubic branch (Accessory obturator vein) |
Use of punctuation (parentheses); The terms are not synonyms. |
Creation of a new entity A12.3.10.032 (Vena obturatoria accessoria). |
A13.3.00.001 |
Use of conjunction (et). | Nodi lymphoidei craniocervicales |
| A13.3.03.016 Nodi gastrici dextri/sinistri Right/left gastric nodes |
Use of punctuation (/). | Nodi gastrici Gastric nodes |
| A13.3.03.018 Nodi gastroomentales dextri/sinistri Right/left gastro-omental nodes |
Use of punctuation (/). | Nodi gastroomentales Gastro-omental nodes |
| A13.3.03.042 Nodi colici dextri/medii/sinistri Right/middle/left colic nodes |
Use of punctuation (/). | Nodi colici Colic nodes |
| A14.1.01.003 Leptomeninx; Arachnoidea mater et pia mater Leptomeninx; Arachnoid mater and pia mater |
Use of conjunction (et) | Delete Latin synonym |
| A14.1.03.004 Metencephalon; Pons et cerebellum Metencephalon; Pons and cerebellum |
Use of conjunction (et) | Delete Latin synonym |
| A14.1.09.201 Facies medialis et inferior hemispherii cerebri Medial and inferior surfaces of cerebral hemisphere |
Use of conjunction (et). | Facies inferomedialis hemispherii cerebri |
| A14.1.09.266 Nuclei septales et structurae pertinentes Septal nuclei and related structures |
Use of conjunction (et) | Nuclei septales Septal nuclei |
| A14.1.09.335 Stratum moleculare et substratum lacunosum Lacunar-molecular layer |
Use of conjunction (et). | Stratum lacunosum moleculare |
| A14.1.09.407 Nucleus amygdalae basalis lateralis Basolateral amygdaloid nucleus |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis, basalis modifies nucleus, not amygdalae). | Nucleus basalis lateralis amygdalae |
| A14.1.09.408 Nucleus amygdalae basalis medialis Basomedial amygdaloid nucleus |
Word order: ambiguity (medialis, basalis modifies nucleus, not amygdalae). | Nucleus basalis medialis amygdalae |
| A14.1.09.409 Nucleus amygdalae centralis Central amygdaloid nucleus |
Word order: ambiguity (centralis modifies nucleus, not amygdalae). | Nucleus centralis amygdalae |
| A14.1.09.410 Nucleus amygdalae corticalis Cortical amygdaloid nucleus |
Word order: ambiguity (corticalis modifies nucleus, not amygdalae). | Nucleus corticalis amygdalae |
| A14.1.09.411 Nucleus amygdalae interstitialis Interstitial amygdaloid nucleus |
Word order: ambiguity (interstitialis modifies nucleus, not amygdalae). | Nucleus interstitialis amygdalae |
| A14.1.09.412 Nucleus amygdalae lateralis Lateral amygdaloid nucleus |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis modifies nucleus, not amygdalae). | Nucleus lateralis amygdalae |
| A14.1.09.413 Nucleus amygdalae medialis Medial amygdaloid nucleus |
Word order: ambiguity (medialis modifies nucleus, not amygdalae). | Nucleus medialis amygdalae |
| A14.1.09.501 Nuclei basales et structurae pertinentes Basal nuclei and related structures |
Use of conjunction (et) | (1) Nuclei basales Basal nuclei (2) Creation of a new entity. A14.1.09.572 Substantia alba telencephali White matter of telencephalon; Cerebral white matter |
| A14.1.09.532 Radiatio thalami centralis Central thalamic radiation |
Word order: ambiguity (centralis modifies radiatio, not thalami). | Radiatio centralis thalami |
| A14.1.09.619 Cellulae dopaminergicae zonae medialis et areae anterioris hypothalamicae [A14] Dopaminergic cells in medial zone and anterior area of hypothalamus [A14] |
Use of conjunction (et). | Cellulae dopaminergicae hypothalami anteromedialis |
| A14.1.09.621 Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei raphes pallidi [B1] Serotonergic cells in pallidal raphe nucleus [B1] |
Word order: ambiguity (pallidi modifies nuclei, not raphes). |
Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei pallidi raphes [B1] |
| A14.1.09.622 Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei raphes obscuri [B2] Serotonergic cells of obscurus raphe nucleus [B2] |
Word order: ambiguity (obscuri modifies nuclei, not raphes). | Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei obscuri raphes |
| A14.1.09.623 Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei raphes magni [B3] Serotonergic cells of magnus raphe nucleus [B3] |
Word order: ambiguity (magni modifies nuclei, not raphes). | Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei magni raphes |
| A14.1.09.624 Cellulae serotonergicae vicinae nuclei vestibularis medialis et nuclei prepositi [B4] Serotonergic cells adjacent to medial vestibular nucleus and prepositus nucleus [B4] |
Use of conjunction (et). | Cellulae serotonergicae areae vestibularis |
| A14.1.09.626 Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei raphes mediani [B6] Serotonergic cells of median raphe nucleus [B6] |
Word order: ambiguity (mediani modifies nuclei, not raphes). | Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei mediani raphes |
| A14.1.09.627 Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei raphes dorsalis [B7] Serotonergic cells of dorsal raphe nucleus [B7] |
Word order: ambiguity (dorsalis modifies nuclei, not raphes). | Cellulae serotonergicae nuclei posterioris raphes |
A14.1.09.628 Cellulae adrenergicae areae postremae et nuclei reticularis anterioris [C1, C2] Adrenergic cells in area postrema and anterior reticular nucleus; Epinephric cells in area postrema and anterior reticular nucleus [C1, C2] |
Use of conjunction (et). | Cellulae adrenergicae myelencephali |
| A14.1.09.631 Cellulae cholinergicae globi pallidi, nuclei accumbentis et gyri diagonalis [Ch2] Cholinergic cells of globus pallidus, accumbens nucleus and diagonal gyrus [Ch2] |
Use of punctuation (comma) and conjunction (et) | Cellulae cholinergicae aggregationis secundae partis basalis telencephali |
| A14.1.09.632 Cellulae cholinergicae globi pallidi, nuclei accumbentis et striae diagonalis [Ch3] Cholinergic cells of globus pallidus, accumbens nucleus and diagonal band [Ch3] |
Use of punctuation (comma) and conjunction (et) | Cellulae cholinergicae aggregationis tertiae partis basalis telencephali |
| A14.1.09.633 Cellulae cholinergicae substantiae innominatae, nuclei basalis, corporis amygdaloidei et tuberculi olfactorii [Ch4] Cholinergic cells of substantia innominata, basal nucleus, amygdaloid body and olfactory tubercle [Ch4] |
Use of punctuation (comma) and conjunction (et) | Cellulae cholinergicae aggregationis quartae partis basalis telencephali |
| A14.2.01.010 Ramus ad ganglion ciliare; Radix parasympathica ganglii ciliaris; Radix oculomotoria ganglii ciliaris Branch to ciliary ganglion; Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion; Oculomotor root of ciliary ganglion |
Use of preposition (ad). | Ramus ganglionaris ciliaris nervi oculomotorii; etc. Branch of oculomotor nerve to ciliary ganglion; etc. |
| A14.2.01.019 R. communicans cum nervo zygomatico Communicating branch with zygomatic nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans zygomaticus |
| A14.2.01.026 R. communicans cum ganglio ciliari; Radix sensoria ganglii ciliaris; Radix nasociliaris ganglii ciliaris Communicating branch with ciliary ganglion; Sensory root of ciliary ganglion; Nasociliary root of ciliary ganglion |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus ganglionaris ciliaris nervi nasociliaris; etc. Branch of nasociliary nerve to ciliary ganglion; etc. |
| A14.2.01.039 Rr. ganglionares ad ganglion pterygopalatinum; Radix sensoria ganglii pterygopalatini Ganglionic branches to pterygopalatine ganglion; Sensory root of pterygopalatine ganglion |
Use of prepostion (ad). | Rami ganglionares pterygopalatini nervi maxillaris; etc. Branches of maxillary nerve to pterygopalatine ganglion; etc. |
| A14.2.01.067 Rr. ganglionares ad ganglion oticum; Radix sensoria ganglii otici Branches to otic ganglion; Sensory root of otic ganglion |
Use of preposition (ad). | Rami ganglionares otici nervi mandibularis; etc. Branches of mandibular nerve to otic ganglion; etc. |
| A14.2.01.078 Rr. communicantes cum nervo faciale Communicating branches with facial nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Rami communicantes faciales |
| A14.2.01.083 Rr. communicantes cum nervo hypoglosso Communicating branches with hypoglossal nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Rami communicantes hypoglossi |
| A14.2.01.087 Rr. ganglionares ad ganglion submandibulare; Radix sensoria ganglii submandibularis Ganglionic branches to submandibular ganglion; Sensory root of submandibular ganglion |
Use of preposition (ad). | Rami ganglionares submandibulares nervi mandibularis, etc. Branches of mandibular nerve to submandibular ganglion; etc. |
| A14.2.01.088 Rr. ganglionares ad ganglion sublinguale; Radix sensoria ganglii sublingualis Ganglionic branches to sublingual ganglion; Sensory root of sublingual ganglion |
Use of preposition (ad). | Rami ganglionares sublinguales nervi mandibularis; etc. Branches of mandibular nerve to sublingual ganglion; etc. |
A14.2.01.107 |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans glossopharyngeus |
| A14.2.01.119 R. communicans cum plexu tympanico Communicating branch with tympanic plexus |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans tympanicus |
| A14.2.01.120 R. communicans cum nervus vago Communicating branch with vagus nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans vagus |
| A14.2.01.143 R. communicans cum ramo auriculare nervi vagi Communicating branch with auricular branch of vagus nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans vagoauricularis |
| A14.2.01.150 R. communicans cum ramo meningeo Communicating branch with meningeal branch |
Use of preposition (cum); Absence of indication that the meningeal is a branch of the vagus nerve. | Ramus communicans vagomeningeus Communicating branch with meningeal branch of vagus nerve |
| A14.2.01.151 R. communicans cum nervo auriculotemporali Communicating branch with auriculotemporal nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans auriculotemporalis |
| A14.2.01.152 R. communicans cum chorda tympani Communicating branch with chorda tympani |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans chordae tympani |
| A14.2.01.163 R. communicans cum nervo laryngeo recurrente Communicating branch with recurrent laryngeal nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans laryngei recurrentis |
| A14.2.01.193 R. communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo Communicating branch with glossopharyngeal nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans glossopharyngeus |
| A14.2.03.026 N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm; Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis modifies nervus, not antebrachii). | Nervus cutaneus lateralis antebrachii |
| A14.2.03.027 N. cutaneus brachii medialis Medial cutaneous nerve of arm; Medial brachial cutaneous nerve |
Word order: ambiguity (medialis modifies nervus, not brachii). | Nervus cutaneus medialis brachii |
| A14.2.03.028 N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm; Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve |
Word order: ambiguity (medialis modifies nervus, not antebrachii). | Nervus cutaneus medialis antebrachii |
| A14.2.03.037 R. communicans cum nervo ulnari Communicating branch with ulnar nerve |
Use of preposition (cum). | Ramus communicans ulnaris |
| A14.2.03.051 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis inferior Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm; Inferior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis and inferior modify nervus, not brachii). | Nervus cutaneus lateralis inferior brachii |
| A14.2.03.061 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm; Superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis and superior modify nervus, not brachii). | Nervus cutaneus lateralis superior brachii |
| A14.2.06.001 Nervi sacrales et nervus coccygeus [S1-S5, Co] Sacral nerves and coccygeal nerve [S1-S5, Co] |
Use of conjunction (et). | (1) Nervi sacrococcygei (2) Creation of a new entity. A14.2.06.008 Nervi sacrales Sacral nerves (3) Creation of an entry for nervus coccygeus (A14.2.07.043) in section A14.2.06. |
| A14.2.07.048 N. cutaneus surae lateralis Lateral sural cutaneous nerve |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis modifies nervus, not surae). | N. cutaneus lateralis surae |
| A14.2.07.061 N. cutaneus surae medialis Medial sural cutaneous nerve |
Word order: ambiguity (medialis modifies nervus, not surae). | N. cutaneus medialis surae |
| A14.3.03.001 Plexus viscerales et ganglia visceralia Peripheral autonomic plexuses and ganglia |
Use of conjunction (et). | (1) Plexus viscerales Peripheral autonomic plexuses (2) Creation of a new entity A14.2.00.046 Ganglion viscerale Peripheral autonomic ganglion; Visceral ganglion |
| A15.2.00.001 Oculus et structurae pertinentes Eye and related structures |
Use of conjunction (et). | Oculus Eye |
| A15.2.07.033 Angulus oculi lateralis Lateral angle of eye |
Word order: ambiguity (lateralis modifies angulus, not oculi). | Angulus lateralis oculi |
| A15.2.07.034 Angulus oculi medialis Medial angle of eye |
Word order: ambiguity (medialis modifies angulus, not oculi). | Angulus medialis oculi |
| A15.3.02.021 Aditus ad antrum mastoideum Aditus to mastoid antrum |
Use of preposition (ad). | Aditus antri mastoidei |
| A15.3.03.137 V. modioli communis Common modiolar vein |
Word order: ambiguity (communis modifies vena, not modioli). | V. communis modioli |